study: Ratio 12& hons.

cig Ki“bvgq Amxg `qvjy Avjvni bv‡g

AbycvZ we‡klb

Øv`k †kªbx I we.we.G(Abvm© 1g el©)

co †Zvgi cÖfyi bv‡g whwb †Zvgv‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb

mKj Ávbxi Dci Av‡Qb GK gnv Ávbx

AbycvZ we‡klb 01925-425876/01717613020/01718365468/01918365468 Ratio analysis

‡gvt gyiQvwjb mi`vi mursalinsardar@ymail.com/mursalinsardar@gmail.com Md.Mursalin Sardar

Abycv‡Zi ms½v t GK K_vq AbycvZ ej‡Z `ywU ivwki Zzjbv gyjK wePvi‡K eySvq| evwbwR¨K `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K AbycvZ n‡jv `ywU m¤úK©hy³ wel‡qi msL¨vMZ ev AvswKK cÖKvk|Ab¨_vq m¤úK©hy³ †Kvb `ywU wel‡qi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv‡K AbycvZ e‡j|

Prof. Jhon j. Hamton says A ratio is a fixed relationship in degree on number between two numbers.(AbycvZ n‡”Q `ywU msL¨vi g‡a¨ w¯’iK…Z m¤úK© Gi gvÎv ev msL¨vZœK cÖKvk)

PjwZ m¤ú` = mgvcbx gRy` cb¨+ wewea †`bv`vi+cÖvc¨ wej+ cÖvc¨ wnmve +cÖvc¨ †bvUm+ nv‡Z

bM`+ e¨vsK Rgv + AwMÖg e¨q+ ¯^í †gqvw` wewb‡qvM

Current Assets = Inventory + A/R + N/R+ Cash+ Bank + Prepaid expenses +stock+debtor+B/R+due from directors+deu from

associated co.

PjwZ `vq = wewea cvIbv`vi+ cÖ‡`q wnmve+ cÖ‡`q wej+ cÖ‡`q †bvUm+ e¨vsKRgvwZwi³ D‡Ëvjb+e‡Kq e¨q +

Ki`vq + e¨vsK Fb +†NvlbvK…Z jvf¨vsk+cÖ¯—vweZ jvf¨vsk + ¯^í‡gqvw` Fb + AvqKi mwÂwZ +

Kg©Pvwi‡`i Kj¨vb Znwej+ Kg©Pvwi‡`i cÖwe‡W›U dvÛ

Current Libalities = A/P+ N/P+Bank overdraft + Accrued expenses + Bank loan+B/P+Tax provision+short

term loan+Dividend Proposed + Due to dorector+ Inter co. Dues +Due to Associated co.

Z¡wiZ m¤úwË = nv‡Z bM` + e¨vsK Rgv + cÖvc¨ †bvUm + cÖvc¨ wnmve + mvgwqK wewb‡qvM

Liquid assets = Cash + Bank + N/R+ A/R + Short time investment +B/R+debtors

Z¡wiZ `vq = cÖ‡`q †bvUm + cÖ‡`q wnmve + AvqKiev` `vq

Liquid Liabilities = Creditors+B/P+Outstanding exp.+ Dividend Payable + income tax payble

ewn©`vq = FbcÎ + `xN©‡gqvw` Fb + Fb PjwZ + cvIbv`vi + e¨vsK RgvwZwi³ + cÖ‡`q wej + e‡Kqv LiP

Outside Liabilities= Loan paper+long term loan+currnt loan+A/P+Bank o/d+N/P+Accrued expenses

‡gvU gybdv = weµq-weµxZ `ª‡e¨i e¨q Net Profit=Sales-Cost of Goods Sold

bxU weµq = †gvU weµq-‡diZ-evUªv Net Sales= Total Sales-Return-Discount

wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab = gvwjKvbv Znwej + FbK…Z Znwej Invested Capital = O/E+Loan

wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab =†gvU m¤úwË-PjwZ `vq-Aev¯—e m¤úwË( cÖv_wgK LiP/fyqv m¤úwË/A¯úk©bxq

m¤ú`/†kqvi Aenvi wejw¤^Z weÁvcb-‡kqvi `vq MÖvn‡Zi `¯‘ix -`xN©‡gqvw`

wewb‡qvM-PjwZ`vq

Invested Capital= Total assates-current liabilities-Fake assates

wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab = mvavib †kqvi g~jab+AMÖwaKvi †kqvi g~jab+`xN©‡gqvw` Fb+mwÂwZ I Ab¨vb¨

Avew›UZ gybdv-A¯úk©bxq m¤úwË-KvíwbK m¤úwË-`xN©‡gqvw` wewb‡qvM

weµxZ c‡b¨i e¨q = bxU weµq- †gvU jvf

Mo gRy` = ( cÖviw¤¢K gRy`+mgvcbx gRy`)

Mo msMÖ‡ni mgq =

365w`b/ 52 mßvn/ 12gvm

†`bv`vi AveZ©b AbycvZ

Mo cÖ`v‡bi mgq = 365 w`b/ 52 mßvn/ 12 gvm Average Payment Days =

cvIbv`vi AeZ©b AbycvZ

w¯’i LiP hy³ Znwej = FbcÎ+Fb+ AMÖwaKvi †kqvi g~jab

gvwjKvbv Znwej = mvavib †gqvi g~jab+AMÖwaKvi †kqvig~jab + mvavib mwÂwZ+bxV jvf +

Avew›UZ gybdv + cÖwZc~iK Znwej

Owners capital = Equity or ordinary + preference share capital+Genaral reserve+net profit + Distribution of

profit+Reserve for capital+ reserve for other liabilities

gvwjKvbv Znwej = †gvU m¤úwË-A¯úk©©bxq m¤úwË-KvíwbK Znwej-AMÖwaKvi ‡kqvi-PjwZ `vq-

`xN©‡gqvw` `vq

gvwjKvbv Znwej = mvavib †kqv g~jab + AMÖwaKvi †kqvi g~jab + mvavib mwÂwZ +m¤¢ve¨ `v‡qi

Rb¨ mwÂwZ+ cÖwZc~iK Znwej + fyqv m¤úwË + jvf‡jvKmvb wnmv‡ei DØ„Ë

+g~jab RvZxq mwÂwZ+ jvf¨sk mgZvKib Znwej + wmswKs dvÛ + Ab¨b¨ gy³

mwÂwZ-KvíwbK m¤úwË-A¯úk©bxq m¤úwË ( µqg~j¨ bv _vK‡j)

FbK…Z Znwej = FbcÎ+ e¨vsK Fb + e¨vsKRgvwZwi³ D‡Ëvjb

PjwZ g~jab= PjwZ m¤ú`-PjwZ `vq

AwMœ m¤úwË = PjwZ m¤úwË-gRy`cb¨-AwMÖg LiP

AwMœ `vq = PjwZ `vq-e¨vsK RgvwZwi³

weµxZ c‡b¨i e¨q=weµq-‡diZ-evUªv-‡gvU jvf Cost of goods sold = Sales-Returns-Discount

‡gvU jvf = weµq-weµxZ c‡b¨i e¨q Gross profit = Sales-Cost of goods sold

LiP I ¶wZ-hveZxq AePq I Ae‡jvcb

KvíwbK/f~q m¤úwË = wejw¤^Z weÁvcb+cÖv_wgK KiP+ †kqvi Aenvi+ `vqMÖvn‡Ki `y¯—ix

/Ae‡jvcb+jvf¶wZ wnmv‡ei †WweU †Ri+ Fbc‡Îi Aenvi

‡gvU m¤úwË = PjwZ m¤úwË+¯’vqx m¤úwË Total Assates = Current assets+fixed assets

Average debtors =

Debtor = A/R+N/R+B/R

Cost of goods sold = Sales-Gross profit+Beginning Inventory+net purchases-Ending Inventory

Long term debt = Debentures+BSB loans+Mortgage loan/note+Bond Payble

Share holders equity = Ordinary share capital + preference share capital+ resverve+Provision Tax& Dividend

proposed+Retained earnings + sinking fund-fictious assets (KvíwbK m¤ú`)

Average Stock =

Capital Employed=Owners capital+loans capital

Loan Capital = Debenture+ Bank loan+ Bank overdraft

External of out liabilities = Debenture+ longterm liabilities+current liabilities of loan

Net working capital = Current assets-current liabilities

µwgK	bvg	m~Î	Av`©k gvb
01	Kvh©Kvwi g~jab/PjwZ g~jab AbycvZ Working Capital Ratio	Kvh©Kwi g~jab PjwZ `vq	1t1
02	Kvh©Kvix g~jab AveZ©b AbycvZ Working capital turnover ratio	bxU weµq Kvh©Kvwi g~jab
03	bM` A_© I PjwZ `vq AbycvZ	bM` A_© I e¨vsK Rgv PjwZ `vq
04	Zij/`ª“Z/AwMœ AbycvZ Acid test ratio	Zij m¤ú` Zij `vq	1t1
05	PjwZ AbycvZ/Current/Quick ratio	PjwZ m¤ú` PjwZ `vq	2t1
06	PjwZ/Kvh©Kwi g~jab Current Capital	PjwZ m¤ú`-PjwZ `vqCurrent capital-current liabilities
07	Pig Zij AbycvZ	Pig Zij m¤úwË Pig Zij `vq	0.5-1
08	`vq gvwjKvbv AbycvZ Debt Equity Ratio	‡gvU ewn`©vq gvwjKvbv ¯^Ë¡/Znwej	1t2 †_‡K 1t3
09	`vq AbycvZ/`vq †gvU m¤úwË AbycvZ	‡gvU ewn©`vq ‡gvU m¤úwË(Aev¯—e m¤úwË ev`)	1t2
10	gyjab wMqvwis AbycvZ	w¯’i LiPhy³ Znwej mvavib †kqvi gvwjKvb Znwej	1t1
11	gvwjKvb AbycvZ / †gvU m¤úwËi Zyjbvq gvwjKvb AbycvZ/Net worth to total assets ratio/Proprietor ratio	gwjKvb ¯^Ë¡/Znwej ‡gvU m¤úwË(Aev¯—e m¤úwËev`)	3t4
12	Abv`vqx cvIbv I wewea	Abv`vqx cvIbv X 100 ‡gvU †`bv`vi	5%-10%
13	wewb‡qvwRZ g~ja‡bi Dci my` I Kic~e© Av‡qi nvi( Kiev` bxV jv‡fi wfwË‡Z)	my` I Kic~e© bxU jvf/Kiev` bxUjvf X 100 wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab	10%-20%
14	‡gvU gybdv AbycvZ Gross profit rate	‡gvU jvf X 100/ bxU weµq	20%30%
15	bxU gybdv AbycvZ Rate/Percentage of net profit on sales	bxU jvf X 100 bxU weµq	5%-10%
16	‡`bv`vi/cÖvc¨ †`bvi/cÖvc¨ wnmve AeZ©b AbycvZ Debtor / A/R Turnover ratio	bxU av‡i weµq . Mo †`bv`vi+Mo cÖvc¨wej	4-6 evi
17	cvIbv`vi /cÖ‡`q wnmve AveZ©b AbycvZ Creditor Turnover Ratio	bxU av‡i µq Mo cvIbv`vi + Mo †`q wej	6-12 evi
18	Mo Av`vq mgq /Average collection days	365 w`b ‡`bv`vi AeZ©b AbycvZ	60-90 w`b 2-3gvm
19	Mo cwi‡kva mgq Average payment days	365 w`b . cvIbv`vi AeZ©b AbycvZ	30-60 w`b 1-2gvm
20	gRy` AveZ©b AbycvZ/ Inventory stock turnover ratio	K) wewµZ c‡b¨i g~j¨ Mo gRy` L) bxU weµq Mo gRy`	8 evi
21	wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab AveZ©b AbycvZ	bxU weµq/wewµZ c‡b¨i e¨q wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab	3 n‡Z 5 ¸b
22	weµxZ c‡b¨i e¨q AbycvZ Cost of goods sold ratio	weµxZ c‡b¨i e¨q X 100 bxU weµq
23	gyjab AveZ©b nvi	bxU weµq . X 100 wewb‡qvwRZ g~jab
24	†gvU m¤úwËi AveZ©b AbycvZ Total assets turnover	bxU weµq ‡gvU m¤úw&Ë
25	gvwjKvbv Znwe‡ji Dci gybdv	bxU gybdv X 100 gvwjKvbv Znwej
26	gvwjKvb AveZ©b AbycvZ	bxU weµq gvwjKvbv Znwej
27	‡kqvi evRvi `i Avq AbycvZ/Price Earning ratio
28	jvf¨sk cÖ`vb AbycvZ/Dividend Pay out ratio(PO)
29	evRvi g~j¨ Abycv‡Z jvf¨sk Drcbœ AbycvZ/
30	w¯’i m¤ú` I `xN©‡gqvw` Znwej AbycvZ ev w¯’i m¤ú` AbycvZ/Fixed Assets ratio	‡gvU w¯’i m¤ú` X 100 `xN©‡gqvw` Znwej	1t1
31	Fb`vq gvwjKvbv AbycvZ/Debt equity ratio
32	Current assets turnover
33	cwiPvjb nvi / cwiPvjb AbycvZ/Operating cost or operating ratio	cwiPvjb g~bdv X 100 bxU weµq	5%-10%
34	cwiPvjb e¨q AbycvZ administration cost ratio	cÖkvmwbK LiP+weµq LiP X 100 bxU weµq
35	m¤úwËi Dci †ivRMvi/DcR©b AbycvZ Return on assets/ Total assets
36	†kqvi gvwj‡Ki ¯^‡Ëi Dci gybdv nvi/Return on shareholders equity
37	‡kqvi cÖwZ Avq/ †ivRMvi Earning per share (EPS)
38	Fb `vq AbycvZ/Debt Ratio